[193] However, it has been argued[who?] The United States Electoral College is the group of presidential electors required by the Constitution to form every four years for the sole purpose of electing the president and vice president. Normally this would mean two candidates, one less than the number of candidates available in the House vote. [141] A similar method was used in New York in 1828: the two at large electors were elected by the electors selected in districts. ne participent donc pas à l'élection présidentielle. When James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, two of the most important architects of the Electoral College, saw this strategy being taken by some states, they protested strongly. The six members who opposed the plan, Democratic senators James Eastland of Mississippi, John Little McClellan of Arkansas, and Sam Ervin of North Carolina, along with Republican senators Roman Hruska of Nebraska, Hiram Fong of Hawaii, and Strom Thurmond of South Carolina, all argued that although the present system had potential loopholes, it had worked well throughout the years. En outre, la loi fédérale prévoit que cette session doit avoir lieu le 6 janvier de l'année qui suit immédiatement la réunion des grands électeurs. [225][226] Unlike the Bayh–Celler amendment, with its 40% threshold for election, these proposals do not require a candidate to achieve a certain percentage of votes to be elected.[227][228][229]. La méthode des districts fut utilisée pour la première fois par le Massachusetts en 1804, 1812 et 1820. [53] Hamilton drafted an amendment to the Constitution mandating the district plan for selecting electors. On the 36th ballot, Delaware's lone Representative, James A. Bayard, made it known that he intended to break the impasse for fear that failure to do so could endanger the future of the Union. [223], In a letter to The New York Times, Representative Jonathan B. Bingham (D-New York) highlighted the danger of the "flawed, outdated mechanism of the Electoral College" by underscoring how a shift of fewer than 10,000 votes in two key states would have led to President Gerald Ford winning the 1976 presidential election despite Jimmy Carter's nationwide 1.7 million-vote margin. Before the advent of the "short ballot" in the early 20th century (as described in Selection process) the most common means of electing the presidential electors was through the general ticket. (In that election, Andrew Jackson lost in spite of having plurality of the popular vote and the number of electoral votes representing them,[134] but six state legislatures chose electors that overturned that result.) It won't count in most states", "Split Electoral Votes in Maine and Nebraska", "Electoral College Instructions to State Officials", District of Columbia Certificate of Ascertainment, "U.S.C. However, the difference stems from the fact that every state always had two more electoral districts than congressional districts. Les 538 grands électeurs du "collège électoral" se réunissent lundi dans la capitale de chaque Etat pour désigner le successeur de Barack Obama à la présidence des Etats-Unis. The attendance of the electors is taken and any vacancies are noted in writing. The Founding Fathers established it in the Constitution, in part, as a compromise between the election of the President by a vote in Congress and election of the President by a popular vote of qualified citizens. [31] Delegates from states with smaller populations or limited land area, such as Connecticut, New Jersey, and Maryland, generally favored the Electoral College with some consideration for states. [79] Of like view was Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, a member of Adams' Federalist Party, presidential candidate in 1800. [19] The popular election for electors means the president and vice president are in effect chosen through indirect election by the citizens. Les grands électeurs affiliés à un candidat particulier sont formellement choisis par élection populaire ce jour-là. [83][84], Article II, Section 1, Clause 2, disqualifies all elected and appointed federal officials from being electors. He also used the term "deliberate." Ce groupe s’appelle le collège électoral. "Representation of the Antebellum South in the House of Representatives: Measuring the Impact of the Three-Fifths Clause" in David W. Brady and Mathew D. McCubbins, eds., Party, Process and Political Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress (2002), Stanford University Press, Brian D. Humes, et al. Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the Constitution directs each state to appoint a quantity of electors equal to that state's congressional delegation (members of the House of Representatives plus two Senators). In such a situation, the House chooses one of the top three presidential electoral vote winners as the president, while the Senate chooses one of the top two vice presidential electoral vote winners as vice president. Each state gets a minimum of three electoral votes, regardless of population, which gives low-population states a disproportionate number of electors per capita. It has often acted as the other states, as in 1992, when George H. W. Bush won all five of Nebraska's electoral votes with a clear plurality on 47% of the vote; in a truly proportional system, he would have received three and Bill Clinton and Ross Perot each would have received one.[140]. [209], On April 29, 1969, the House Judiciary Committee voted 28 to 6 to approve the proposal. Each state appoints electors according to its legislature, equal in number to its congressional delegation but federal office holders cannot be electors. Cette méthode a été utilisée dans le Maine depuis 1972 et dans le Nebraska depuis 1992. He defined a faction as "a number of citizens whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community." Neither is this feature attributable to having intermediate elections of presidents, caused instead by the winner-takes-all method of allocating each state's slate of electors. Supporters of the College have provided many counterarguments to the charges that it defended slavery. The Electoral College decreases the advantage a political party or campaign might gain for encouraging voters to turn out, except in those swing states. Les sept États les moins peuplés — l'Alaska, le Dakota du Nord, le Dakota du Sud, le Delaware, le Montana, le Vermont et le Wyoming — en ont trois. Congressional Quarterly Books, "Presidential Elections: 1789–1996". Senator Bayh indicated that supporters of the measure were about a dozen votes shy from the 67 needed for the proposal to pass the full Senate. Enfin, en 1876, le Colorado, nouvellement admis dans l'Union, choisit la voie législative par manque de temps et d'argent. Chernow, Ron. Presidential Elections 1789–1996. Cinq copies sont complétées et signées par chaque électeur. Les grands électeurs sont donc 538 dans tout le pays. Committee member Gouverneur Morris explained the reasons for the change; among others, there were fears of "intrigue" if the president were chosen by a small group of men who met together regularly, as well as concerns for the independence of the president if he were elected by Congress.[27]. In the Congressional apportionment provided in the text of the Constitution with its Three-Fifths Compromise estimate, "Virginia emerged as the big winner [with] more than a quarter of the [votes] needed to win an election in the first round [for Washington's first presidential election in 1788]." According to this criticism, the electoral college reduces elections to a mere count of electors for a particular state, and, as a result, it obscures any voting problems within a particular state. However, two-thirds of the senators must be present for voting to take place. Le collège électoral des États-Unis désigne l'ensemble des grands électeurs formé tous les quatre ans dans le seul but d'élire le président et le vice-président des États-Unis. Les délégués d'une majorité d'États étaient d'accord avec ce mode d'élection. Even if D.C. were a state, its population would entitle it to only three electors. When no candidate received a majority of electoral votes in 1824, the election was decided by the House of Representatives and so could be considered distinct from the latter four elections in which all of the states had popular selection of electors. [54] However, Hamilton's untimely death in a duel with Aaron Burr in 1804 prevented him from advancing his proposed reforms any further. [23][24], The Constitutional Convention in 1787 used the Virginia Plan as the basis for discussions, as the Virginia proposal was the first. The Senate votes in the normal manner in this case (i.e., ballots are individually cast by each senator, not by state delegations). [59] Maryland was the only state using a district plan, and from 1836 district plans fell out of use until the 20th century, though Michigan used a district plan for 1892 only. The latter had, in the compromise, relinquished counting two-fifths of their slaves and, after 1810, were outnumbered by 15.4% to 23.2%. [49] For example, in Massachusetts in 1820, the rule stated "the people shall vote by ballot, on which shall be designated who is voted for as an Elector for the district. "[75] Pennsylvania split eight to seven for Jefferson, favoring Jefferson with a majority of 53% in a state with 0.1% slave population. RCP Electoral College Map. Instead citizens voted for their local elector, whom they trusted later to cast a responsible vote for president. Selon la constitution, aucun officiel fédéral — élu ou nommé — ne peut devenir grand électeur. § 4, in the section heading and in the text as "college of electors". 18.12.16. [19], Candidates for elector are nominated by state chapters of nationally oriented political parties in the months prior to Election Day. [180] It permitted Southern states to disfranchise large numbers of slaves while allowing these states to maintain political clout within the federation by using the Three-Fifths Compromise. Choice of the president should reflect the "sense of the people" at a particular time, not the dictates of a faction in a "pre-established body" such as Congress or the State legislatures, and independent of the influence of "foreign powers". Hamilton also argued that since no federal officeholder could be an elector, none of the electors would be beholden to any presidential candidate. The House deadlocked for 35 ballots as neither candidate received the necessary majority vote of the state delegations in the House (The votes of nine states were needed for a conclusive election.). De plus, la méthode conduit plus facilement à des impasses : en 1789, l'État de New York fut incapable de se mettre d'accord et ne put nommer aucun grand électeur. Since ballots did not distinguish between votes for president and votes for vice president, every ballot cast for Burr technically counted as a vote for him to become president, despite Jefferson clearly being his party's first choice. In the First Party System (1795–1823), the Jefferson Republicans gained 1.1 percent more adherents from the slave bonus, while the Federalists lost the same proportion. Lors de ce vote du 3 novembre, les Américains ne se déplacent par seulement pour choisir leurs grands électeurs mais aussi un nouveau gouverneur, leurs représentants au Sénat notamment. [25] Delegates from a majority of states agreed to this mode of election. [203], Some supporters of the Electoral College note that it isolates the impact of any election fraud, or other such problems, to the state where it occurs. Countervailing analyses which do take into consideration the sizes of the electoral voting blocs, such as the Banzhaf power index (BPI) model based on probability theory lead to very different conclusions about voters' relative power. Scholars conclude that in the 1828 race, Jackson benefited materially from the Three-fifths clause by providing his margin of victory. [214], On August 14, 1970, the Senate Judiciary Committee sent its report advocating passage of the proposal to the full Senate. Les électeurs choisissent parfois un secrétaire — éventuellement hors du collège électoral — pour tenir le compte-rendu de la réunion. 39, Madison argued that the Constitution was designed to be a mixture of state-based and population-based government. In 1864, all of the votes from Louisiana and Tennessee were rejected, and in 1872, all of the votes from Arkansas and Louisiana plus three of the eleven electoral votes from Georgia were rejected.[124]. Americans favored a Constitutional Amendment to elect the president by a nationwide popular vote on average 61% and those for electoral college selection 35%. Advocates of a national popular vote for president suggest that this effect would also be true in popular vote elections. Cette interdiction peut toutefois être levée par un vote des deux tiers de chaque chambre du Congrès. The president and vice president of the United States are elected by the Electoral College, which consists of 538 electors from the fifty states and Washington, D.C. Electors are selected state-by-state, as determined by the laws of each state. States using popular vote by district have included ten states from all regions of the country. "[50] In other words, the name of a candidate for president was not on the ballot. For a more detailed account of this proposal read. Alexander Hamilton. All jurisdictions use a winner-take-all method to choose their electors, except for Maine and Nebraska, which choose one elector per congressional district and two electors for the ticket with the highest statewide vote.
Horoscope Taureau Amour 2021, Implication Au Travail Pdf, L'archipel Du Goulag Résumé, Pâtes Au Poulet Et Légumes, Béziers Vieille Ville, Développement Web Salaire, Verre De Lunette Rayé Opticien, Précis De Fiscalité 2019 Pdf,